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Encounters in the New World

Jesuit Cartography of the Americas

Publication supported by the Neil Harris Endowment Fund

Analyzing more than 150 historical maps, this book traces the Jesuits’ significant contributions to mapping and mapmaking from their arrival in the New World.

In 1540, in the wake of the tumult brought on by the Protestant Reformation, Saint Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits. The Society’s goal was to revitalize the faith of Catholics and to evangelize to non-Catholics through charity, education, and missionary work. By the end of the century, Jesuit missionaries were sent all over the world, including to South America. In addition to performing missionary and humanitarian work, Jesuits also served as cartographers and explorers under the auspices of the Spanish, Portuguese, and French crowns as they ventured into remote areas to find and evangelize to native populations.

In Encounters in the New World, Mirela Altic analyzes more than 150 of their maps, most of which have never previously been published. She traces the Jesuit contribution to mapping and mapmaking from their arrival in the New World into the post-suppression period, placing it in the context of their worldwide undertakings in the fields of science and art. Altic’s analysis also shows the incorporation of indigenous knowledge into the Jesuit maps, effectively making them an expression of cross-cultural communication—even as they were tools of colonial expansion. This ambiguity, she reveals, reflects the complex relationship between missions, knowledge, and empire. Far more than just a physical survey of unknown space, Jesuit mapping of the New World was in fact the most important link to enable an exchange of ideas and cultural concepts between the Old World and the New.

504 pages | 48 color plates, 121 halftones | 7 x 10 | © 2022

Geography: Cartography, Cultural and Historical Geography, Social and Political Geography

History: Discoveries and Exploration, Latin American History

Reviews

"Altic . . . has given the world the first comprehensive study of Jesuit mapmaking in the Americas. Encounters in the New World tells the story of Jesuit cartography during the Age of Exploration—when Jesuit missionaries played a crucial role as conduits among cultures, becoming bridges that allowed knowledge to flow between Europeans and Indigenous Americans. Combining European mathematical techniques with the knowledge of the peoples they evangelized, Jesuits produced the first modern maps of many parts of Mexico, South America, the Great Lakes and Canada. . . . Altic brings a wealth of knowledge about cartography and explores the techniques as well as the motivations—political, religious and beyond—of its Jesuit authors. In the process, Altic draws attention to the fact that maps—particularly in their seventeenth-century form—were simultaneously art and artifact. . . . Encounters in the New World shows how inseparable the Jesuit experience has been from the story and fate of the Americas."

Michael T. Rizzi | America Magazine

"This book is the first comprehensive study to compare the characteristics, content, and cultural-political contexts of Jesuit maps from different parts of the Americas. . . Encounters in the New World is a valuable contribution to studies in the history of cartography and of the Americas, especially Latin America, between the 1500s and late 1700s."

Cartographic Perspectives

"I greatly commend Altić’s book. It is going to be an important source for those interested in cartographic studies, the history of the Society of Jesus in the Americas, early modern science, and the connections between religion, Empire, and technical development."

Roberto Chauca | The Portolan

"This important book is indispensable reading for anyone interested in the cartography of the Americas in the seventeenth or eighteenth centuries."

David Y. Allen | Imago Mundi

"[Altic's] book, profusely illustrated with both black and white and color photographs, extends and deepens our knowledge of the cartographic representation of the New World. She highlights the important role of Jesuit cartographers to the European mapping, understanding and both political and intellectual appropriation, of the New World."

John Rennie Short | History: Reviews of New Books

“With this superb volume, Altic has made a noteworthy contribution to the early cartographic history of the Americas. It is exhaustively researched, as evidenced by its extensive notes and bibliography, comprehensive, and critically analytic and, at the same time, clearly and concisely written. The many maps, well-known and those published for the first time here, are necessary to the telling of the story and excellent, especially those in colour. This book will provide valuable reading and insight to anyone interested in the early exploration, cartography and encounters of the Americas as well as of the Jesuits and their scientific achievements. Moreover, it is destined to become an important research tool in the field.”

Dennis Reinhartz | IMCoS Map Journal

“A well-illustrated catalog-in-prose of current knowledge about Jesuit cartography in the Americas: from precedents, to missionary practice, to the ways that on-the-ground Jesuit knowledge was taken up by imperial and commercial map makers, to the memory-cartography of Jesuits in exile after the various expulsions of their order across the second half of the eighteenth century.”

Byron Ellsworth Hamann | Journal of Religion

"A very complete and authoritative account of the cartographic work done by Jesuits in the Americas. . . . [Altic] focuses not only on the analysis of individual maps but on the interrelationship between maps, the influence on them of the local
communities, and their assimilation into the mainstream of European cartography."

Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu

Encounters in the New World will be the foundational document of a new and potentially fruitful area of study. This history of Jesuit mapping for once gives us a complete understanding of the process of mapmaking within a worldwide corporation, and this is very unusual. Altic’s technical examination of the actual process of mapping seems virtually flawless, relying on a massive knowledge of work in many different languages. This is a masterly conspectus of a theme that has not hitherto been considered as a whole.”

David Buisseret, Senior Research Fellow, Newberry Library

“This book is the most complete study ever produced about Jesuit cartography in the Americas and certainly will be an important reference on the subject. Altic has made extensive, astonishing research in several archives in different countries to achieve an impressive number of more than 150 maps. Very well written and clear, Encounters in the New World will find a large audience of specialists, nonspecialists, and students interested in the history of cartography, the history of science, Jesuits, and colonial America.”

Júnia Ferreira Furtado, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil

Table of Contents

List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1 The History and Concept of Jesuit Mapmaking
   1.1 The Organization of the Society of Jesus and Its Educational System
   1.2 The Society of Jesus in the Age of Encounter and Exploration
   1.3 Cartographers of Heaven and Earth
   1.4 The Emergence and Development of Jesuit Cartography in the Americas
   1.5 Techniques of Jesuit Mapmaking
   1.6 Editorial Interventions into Jesuit maps: Originals and Their Edited Versions
   1.7 The Iconography of Jesuit Maps
   1.8 The Dissemination of Jesuit Maps and Their Impact on European Cartography
   1.9 Changing the Discourse: Post-Suppression Jesuit Cartography
2 The Possessions of the Spanish Crown
   2.1 The Viceroyalty of New Spain
      2.1.1 The Jesuit Cartographic Endeavor in Florida
      2.1.2 Mexico: Missionary Cartography of the Borderlands
         2.1.2.1 Ivan Rattkay: Cartographic Pioneer of the Tarahumara Region
         2.1.2.2 Adam Gilg and the Art of Surveying in the Province of Sonora
         2.1.2.3 Eusebio Francisco Kino and His Followers: Mapping the Northwestern Frontier
         2.1.2.4 Cartographic Synthesis from the Time of the Military and Juridical Reorganization of New Spain
         2.1.2.5 Mapmaking Attempts in Sinaloa
         2.1.2.6 The Jesuit Cartography of Nayarit
         2.1.2.7 Juan Nentwig and Bernhard Middendorff: Cartographers of the Pima Uprising and Its Aftermath
      2.1.3 Baja California: Revealing a Geographical Enigma
         2.1.3.1 Eusebio Francisco Kino and the Appearance of the First Jesuit Maps of Baja California
         2.1.3.2 Ferdinand Konščak (Fernando Consag): Confirming the Peninsularity
   2.2 The Viceroyalty of Peru
      2.2.1 The Province of Peru: Mapping the Moxos Missions
      2.2.2 The Jesuit Cartography of Chile: Between Mythology and Utilitarianism
      2.2.3 Patagonia: Jesuits at the Southern Edge of the Spanish Empire
      2.2.4 The Province of Paraguay and the Río de la Plata: The Cartography of Conflicts and Martyrs
         2.2.4.1 Cartographic Reflections of the Treaty of Madrid
         2.2.4.2 The Jesuit Cartography of the Guaraní War and Its Aftermath
         2.2.4.3 The Post-Suppression Jesuit Cartography of Paraguay
      2.2.5 The Province of Quito: Challenging Border Disputes along the Amazon
         2.2.5.1 The Post-Suppression Vision of Quito: From Territorialization to Idealism
      2.2.6 New Granada: Defense and Commerce in the Orinoco River Region
3 Portuguese Possessions: Brazil
   3.1 The Jesuit Mapping of Brazil: Cartography of the Edges of the Empire
      3.1.1 Claiming the Amazon and Setting the Northern Brazilian Border with French Guiana
      3.1.2 Mapping the Western Edge of the Empire: The Jesuit View of Minas Gerais
      3.1.3 At the Southern Edge: The Jesuit Cartography of Colônia do Sacramento, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul
      3.1.4 Back to the Northern Edge: The Amazon in the Aftermath of the Treaty of Madrid
4 New France: Searching for the Northwest Passage
   4.1 The Early Jesuit Mapping of Huronia
   4.2 Cartography under Iroquois Attacks: A New Discourse by Francesco Giuseppe Bressani
   4.3 Mapping the Western Great Lakes (Huron, Michigan, and Superior)
   4.4 Jacques Marquette and His Breakthrough to the Mississippi River
   4.5 Pierre Raffeix and His Contribution to the Mapping of the Iroquois Country
   4.6 The Final Decline of Jesuit Mapping in New France
Concluding Remarks
Notes
Bibliography
Index
 

Awards

Association of American Geographers: Meridian Book Award
Honorable Mention

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