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Girl Power?

A History of Girl-Focused Development from Nairobi

Girl Power?

A History of Girl-Focused Development from Nairobi

An examination of how, when, and why austerity capitalism and strands of feminism became intertwined, and why girl-focused programs have been at the heart of international policymaking.
 
Girl-focused education programs have long been at the heart of international policymaking—when girls’ access to education is ensured, the reasoning goes, they are more likely to turn into productive adults who can drive economic growth. These ideas combine strands of feminism and capitalism that have a specific and understudied origin. In this book, historian Sarah Bellows-Blakely shows how a doctored study of girls’ education in East and Southern Africa led to the creation of international norms in the United Nations that would go on to guide policymaking on women’s rights and economic growth, promoting neoliberal feminist policy at the expense of other forms of gender-based justice.
 
Focusing on the growth of free-market feminism and girl-focused economic development planning through the relationship between UNICEF and the Nairobi-based NGO FEMNET, Bellows-Blakely reveals how their joint efforts set the blueprints for linked movements of economic development and women’s rights that are still ongoing. Through a narrative of the UNICEF-FEMNET lobbying campaign, Bellows-Blakely shows how multiple, contested girl-focused visions of economic programming and gender justice became selectively erased in favor of an approach to global policy centered on the free-market construction and strategic deployment of the African “girl child.”

232 pages | 6 x 9 | © 2025

African Studies

History: African History, General History

Reviews

“An important intellectual history of development that puts African feminists and UNICEF at the center. Through careful and creative analysis, Bellows-Blakely elucidates how far-reaching political realignments combined with minute processes of editing and erasure to upend more radical visions of economic and racial justice. Essential reading for anyone interested in the international politics of gender over the past fifty years.”

Lynn Thomas, University of Washington

“A fascinating, harrowing book. Through eye-opening research, Bellows-Blakely uncovers the processes of erasure surrounding the contributions of African women’s organizations and how their critical girl-focused research was co-opted and retooled into neoliberal feminist forms by international organizations and their multinational corporate donors.”

Abosede A. George, Barnard College

"Girl Power? offers a compelling argument about how power operates in different ways in the creation, production, and publication of knowledge—not just in the field of development but also within the writing of history more broadly. In the field of African history, women’s histories remain marginalized, and Bellows- Blakely forms a timely contribution to the field, not least through her methodology, which highlights the voices and experiences of female actors in the period studied."

H-Net

"Girl Power is a nuanced work of global and intellectual history that pieces together the story of how Girls in Development—a particular kind of girl-focused programming was created, shaped, disseminated and cemented into international norms. . . . Bellows-Blakely has masterfully woven together the various strands into a comprehensive work of global history. It is a study that will be appreciated by both scholars and activists alike."

Journal of African History

"[A] compelling and sharply argued account of how African girls became key figures in global development policy during the 1980s and 1990s. Far froma straightforward narrative of empowerment, the book traces how diverse and sometimes radical ideas about gender and justice were repeatedly narrowed into a single, neoliberal framework inwhich ‘girl power’ meant littlemore than integration into free-market capitalism."

Gender & History

Table of Contents

Introduction
1 Making Girl Power Neoliberal: Erasing Alternative Visions of African Girlhood
2 Pan-African Organizing and the UN World Conference on Women in Nairobi
3 Neoliberal Austerity Births Girl-Focused Economic Development at UNICEF
4 Girls as a Battlefield over Structural Adjustment Programs at FEMNET
5 Crafting International Norms: The Girl Child and the Final UN World Conference on Women
in Beijing
6 Empowering African Girls through Corporate Sponsorships? The Afterlives of the Beijing
Platform for Action
Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Notes
Index

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