Sustainable Values, Sustainable Change
A Guide to Environmental Decision Making
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Sustainable Values, Sustainable Change
A Guide to Environmental Decision Making
Sustainability is a nearly ubiquitous concept today, but can we ever imagine what it would be like for humans to live sustainably on the earth? No, says Bryan G. Norton in Sustainable Values, Sustainable Change. One of the most trafficked terms in the press, on university campuses, and in the corridors of government, sustainability has risen to prominence as a buzzword before the many parties laying claim to it have come close to agreeing how to define it. But the term’s political currency urgently demands that we develop an understanding of this elusive concept.
While economists, philosophers, and ecologists argue about what in nature is valuable, and why, Norton here offers an action-oriented, pragmatic response to the disconnect between public and academic discourse around sustainability. Looking to the arenas in which decisions are made—and the problems that are driving these decisions—Norton reveals that the path to sustainability cannot be guided by fixed, utopian objectives projected into the future; sustainability will instead be achieved through experimentation, incremental learning, and adaptive management. Drawing inspiration from Aldo Leopold’s famed metaphor of “thinking like a mountain” for a spatially explicit, pluralistic approach to evaluating environmental change, Norton replaces theory-dependent definitions with a new decision-making process guided by deliberation and negotiation across science and philosophy, encompassing all stakeholders and activists and seeking to protect as many values as possible. Looking across scales to today’s global problems, Norton urges us to learn to think like a planet.
While economists, philosophers, and ecologists argue about what in nature is valuable, and why, Norton here offers an action-oriented, pragmatic response to the disconnect between public and academic discourse around sustainability. Looking to the arenas in which decisions are made—and the problems that are driving these decisions—Norton reveals that the path to sustainability cannot be guided by fixed, utopian objectives projected into the future; sustainability will instead be achieved through experimentation, incremental learning, and adaptive management. Drawing inspiration from Aldo Leopold’s famed metaphor of “thinking like a mountain” for a spatially explicit, pluralistic approach to evaluating environmental change, Norton replaces theory-dependent definitions with a new decision-making process guided by deliberation and negotiation across science and philosophy, encompassing all stakeholders and activists and seeking to protect as many values as possible. Looking across scales to today’s global problems, Norton urges us to learn to think like a planet.
344 pages | 9 halftones, 10 line drawings, 3 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2015
Biological Sciences: Conservation
Earth Sciences: Environment
Philosophy: Ethics, General Philosophy
Reviews
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Change, Complexity, and Decision Contexts
Chapter 1: Responding to Change
1.1. Waves of Change
1.2. Strategies for Achieving Sustainability
1.3. Sustainability: A Contested Concept
1.4. Aldo Leopold and Changing Times
Chapter 2: The Decision Context
2.1. Two Orientations: Theoretical or Practical?
2.2. Decisions in Environmental Conflict Situations
2.3. Most Environmental Problems Are Wicked
2.4. Strategies for Living with Uncertainty
Chapter 3: A Brief Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management
3.1. The Case against Computation
3.2. The Current Situation in the Field of Evaluation Studies
3.3. Two Kinds of Rationality
3.4. Expect Surprises! Introducing Adaptive Management
3.5. Adaptive Management as Embedded Science
3.6. An Epistemology for Adaptive Management
Chapter 4: Contesting Sustainability: Who Will Own the Word?
4.1. What Is Sustainability? And, What Is to Be Sustained?
4.2. What Should We Measure? Sustainability in Economics and Ecology
4.3. Scale, Boundaries, and Hierarchical Systems
4.4. A Schematic Definition of “Normative Sustainability”
4.5. Conclusion of Part 1: A Way Forward
Part 2: A Process Approach to Sustainability
Chapter 5: Introducing and Grounding a Procedural Approach
5.1. Pluralism and Corrigibility
5.2. John Dewey: Publics and the Public Interest
5.3. Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method
5.4. Public Participation: Dynamic Evaluation and Sustainability
5.5. Method: Toward a More Holistic Approach to Environmental Valuation
Chapter 6: Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method
6.1. Dynamic Evaluation
6.2. Discourses, Spaces, and the Place of Technical Languages
6.3. The Capabilities Approach
6.4. The Role of Specialized Disciplines in Adaptive Management Processes
Chapter 7: Tools of the Adaptive Trade
7.1. Static and Dynamic Deliberation: Two Functions of Tools of Evaluation
7.2. A Peek into the Box of Dynamic Tools
7.3. Living and Flourishing with Many Tools
7.4. Tools, Heuristics, and Transformatives: A Messy Workshop for Messy Problems
Chapter 8: Constructing Sustainability: Imagining through Metaphors
8.1. A Single Metaphor?
8.2. Moral Imagination and the Role of Metaphor
8.3. Ecology and Metaphor
8.4. Can the Many Metaphors of Conservation and Ecology Be Integrated?
Chapter 9: Adaptive Collaborative Management: Empirical Findings and Case Studies
9.1. Pluralism and the Multigenerational Public Interest
9.2. An Overview of the Literature on Evaluating Collaborative Processes
9.3. Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Motivations
9.4. Endangered Species and the South Platte Water Plan
9.5. Thinking like a Watershed: Remapping the Chesapeake
Chapter 10: Addressing Third-Generation Problems
10.1. Scaling Up: The Emergence of Third-Generation Environmental Problems
10.2. Learning to Think like a Planet
10.3. Ideas and Action: Callicott on Leopold on Planetary Ethics
10.4. The Special Challenges of Rapid Climate Change
Epilogue: Policy Analysis or Problem Solving?
Appendix: Adapt’s Ten Heuristics
Glossary
Notes
References
Index
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part 1: Change, Complexity, and Decision Contexts
Chapter 1: Responding to Change
1.1. Waves of Change
1.2. Strategies for Achieving Sustainability
1.3. Sustainability: A Contested Concept
1.4. Aldo Leopold and Changing Times
Chapter 2: The Decision Context
2.1. Two Orientations: Theoretical or Practical?
2.2. Decisions in Environmental Conflict Situations
2.3. Most Environmental Problems Are Wicked
2.4. Strategies for Living with Uncertainty
Chapter 3: A Brief Philosophy of Adaptive Ecosystem Management
3.1. The Case against Computation
3.2. The Current Situation in the Field of Evaluation Studies
3.3. Two Kinds of Rationality
3.4. Expect Surprises! Introducing Adaptive Management
3.5. Adaptive Management as Embedded Science
3.6. An Epistemology for Adaptive Management
Chapter 4: Contesting Sustainability: Who Will Own the Word?
4.1. What Is Sustainability? And, What Is to Be Sustained?
4.2. What Should We Measure? Sustainability in Economics and Ecology
4.3. Scale, Boundaries, and Hierarchical Systems
4.4. A Schematic Definition of “Normative Sustainability”
4.5. Conclusion of Part 1: A Way Forward
Part 2: A Process Approach to Sustainability
Chapter 5: Introducing and Grounding a Procedural Approach
5.1. Pluralism and Corrigibility
5.2. John Dewey: Publics and the Public Interest
5.3. Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method
5.4. Public Participation: Dynamic Evaluation and Sustainability
5.5. Method: Toward a More Holistic Approach to Environmental Valuation
Chapter 6: Heuristic Proceduralism: A General Method
6.1. Dynamic Evaluation
6.2. Discourses, Spaces, and the Place of Technical Languages
6.3. The Capabilities Approach
6.4. The Role of Specialized Disciplines in Adaptive Management Processes
Chapter 7: Tools of the Adaptive Trade
7.1. Static and Dynamic Deliberation: Two Functions of Tools of Evaluation
7.2. A Peek into the Box of Dynamic Tools
7.3. Living and Flourishing with Many Tools
7.4. Tools, Heuristics, and Transformatives: A Messy Workshop for Messy Problems
Chapter 8: Constructing Sustainability: Imagining through Metaphors
8.1. A Single Metaphor?
8.2. Moral Imagination and the Role of Metaphor
8.3. Ecology and Metaphor
8.4. Can the Many Metaphors of Conservation and Ecology Be Integrated?
Chapter 9: Adaptive Collaborative Management: Empirical Findings and Case Studies
9.1. Pluralism and the Multigenerational Public Interest
9.2. An Overview of the Literature on Evaluating Collaborative Processes
9.3. Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Motivations
9.4. Endangered Species and the South Platte Water Plan
9.5. Thinking like a Watershed: Remapping the Chesapeake
Chapter 10: Addressing Third-Generation Problems
10.1. Scaling Up: The Emergence of Third-Generation Environmental Problems
10.2. Learning to Think like a Planet
10.3. Ideas and Action: Callicott on Leopold on Planetary Ethics
10.4. The Special Challenges of Rapid Climate Change
Epilogue: Policy Analysis or Problem Solving?
Appendix: Adapt’s Ten Heuristics
Glossary
Notes
References
Index
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